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Cervical cancer originates in the cervix, the part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), such as types 16 and 18. The disease progresses slowly from pre-cancerous changes in cervical cells, often detected through regular screening. Risk factors include HPV infection, smoking, weakened immune system, long-term oral contraceptive use, and having multiple sexual partners. Cervical cancer is a major global health issue, particularly in regions with limited access to screening and vaccination.

Symptoms and Causes of Cervical Cancer:

Symptoms:

• Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding: This includes bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.
• Unusual Vaginal Discharge: Discharge may be watery, pink, or foul-smelling.
• Pelvic Pain: Persistent pain in the pelvic region that is not related to menstrual cycles.
• Pain During Intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity.
• Frequent Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): While less common, advanced cervical cancer can cause frequent infections.

Causes:

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, such as HPV 16 and HPV 18, is the primary cause of cervical cancer.
• Smoking: Tobacco use is a known risk factor that can contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
• Immune System Deficiency: Conditions that weaken the immune system, including HIV, can increase the risk of cervical cancer.
• Long-term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Prolonged use of birth control pills has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer.
• Multiple Sexual Partners: Increased exposure to HPV due to having multiple sexual partners can raise the risk.

Tests for Diagnosing Cervical Cancer:

• Pap Smear (Pap Test): A screening test that collects cells from the cervix to detect abnormalities that may indicate precancerous or cancerous changes.
• HPV Testing: Often performed alongside the Pap test, this test detects the presence of high-risk HPV types that are associated with cervical cancer.
• Colposcopy: A procedure where a special microscope (colposcope) is used to examine the cervix more closely if abnormal cells are detected in a Pap smear.
• Biopsy: A small sample of cervical tissue is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer.

Introduction to the LBC Pap Test (Papsure) - What is the Papsure Test?

What is the Papsure Test?

The LBC Pap test, or Liquid-Based Cytology (LBC) Pap test, is a modern advancement in cervical cancer screening that offers a more precise method for detecting abnormalities in cervical cells. Unlike traditional Pap smears, which involve spreading the collected cells onto a slide, LBC involves placing the sample in a liquid preservative. This method enhances cell preservation and reduces the likelihood of false-negative results.

Who Should Get the Papsure Test Done?

The Papsure test is recommended for:

• Women Aged 21-65: It is advised that women within this age range undergo regular cervical screening. The frequency of screening depends on age and previous results; generally, it is every three years until the age of 29, and every five years from age 30 to 65 when combined with HPV testing.
• Those with Abnormal Pap Smear Results: Women with a history of abnormal Pap smear results may need more frequent testing.
• Post-menopausal Women: Women who have gone through menopause should continue regular screening if they have had a history of abnormal results.

What Does the Papsure Test Measure?

The Papsure test measures:

• Cell Abnormalities: It detects precancerous changes or cancerous cells in the cervical lining. By analysing cells collected from the cervix, the test helps identify any abnormalities that could indicate early stages of cervical cancer or conditions that could develop into cancer.
• Improved Accuracy: The liquid-based method reduces the chance of cell overlap and obscuration, leading to a clearer evaluation and more accurate results compared to traditional Pap smears.

How to Prepare for the Papsure Test?

Preparation for the Papsure test involves:

• Scheduling the Test: The test is usually done during a routine gynaecological examination. It is best scheduled for when you are not menstruating, as the presence of menstrual blood can interfere with the results.
• Avoiding Certain Activities: It is advisable to avoid vaginal douching, using tampons, or engaging in sexual intercourse 24 to 48 hours before the test to prevent contamination of the sample.
• Informing the Healthcare Provider: Let your healthcare provider know if you have any symptoms, are pregnant, or have recently had a pelvic infection, as these factors can impact the test.

In summary, the LBC Pap test (Papsure) represents a significant advancement in cervical cancer screening. By improving cell preservation and reducing the likelihood of false-negative results, this test enhances the early detection of cervical abnormalities and cancer. Regular screening using Papsure, combined with HPV testing when appropriate, plays a vital role in reducing cervical cancer incidence and improving outcomes through early intervention.